帖子内容编辑 — 中国画家网

购物车 | 充值 | 帮助 |

买画

卖画

找画家

看画展

找美术馆

我的画室

首页 > 中国画家沙龙 > 美术批评 > 刘工：孙位《高逸图》的人物解读

上次登陆：无登陆信息　登陆IP：216.73.216.145
等级游客发贴 {USERPOSTS} 积分 {POINT}

今日 0 贴 | 昨日 2 帖
共 76591 篇帖子 | 其中 62618 篇主题 | 29593 位会员

美术批评

　· 回复留言

=　注意事项　=

严禁发表有违反法律的内容文章

严禁发布含有色情、病毒或者木马的链接、内容和图片

本站内容仅涉及画家、美术、作品、展览等内容，禁止政治、民族性敏感话题

会员们应互相尊重，不得以任何方式进行人身攻击

提倡发原创帖，转载好帖，请注明出处和原作者。

标　题：
内　容：	<p style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:14pt;"><span>刘工：</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:14pt;"><span>孙位《高逸图》的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:14pt;"><span>人物</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:14pt;"><span>解读</span></span><span style="font-family:方正黑体_GBK;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;font-weight:normal;">——虚衔将军的隐逸作品</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;font-weight:normal;"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:left;text-indent:21pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>在中国画史上，能够被确定为唐代以前的传世画作，恐怕真伪难辨。我所选取的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>《高逸图》</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>卷，并未入选</span>“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>中国十大传世名画</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”之列，原因自然是仁者见仁，智者见智</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>依据</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>藏于</span></span><span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/29714.htm"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>上海博物馆</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>《高逸图》，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>此画为</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>横卷式，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>绢色</span></span><span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1333711.htm"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>赭黄</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，古色古香，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>纵</span>45.2厘米，横168.7厘米。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>从唐代的传世作品来看，这幅</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>《高逸图》</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>则是寥寥无几的唐代绘画作品之一。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:left;text-indent:21pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>佐证此画为</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>寥寥可数</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的唐代绘画作品，是因此画最早在北宋</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>中期</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>由驸马李玮收藏</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，卷首有</span></span><span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/8102.htm"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>宋徽宗</span></span></a></span><span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/subview/7448/19512632.htm"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>赵佶</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>御</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>题</span>“</span><span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/100548.htm"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>高逸图</span>”五字</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>。从时间上看，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>大致活动于晚唐时期，此画至李玮收藏大约相距一个半世纪有余。此后，该画入</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>北宋</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>宣和内府，钤</span>“御书”、“宣和”、“政和”、“睿思东阁”诸印。嗣后又经</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>明末清初著名藏书家梁清标</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>藏</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>钤</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">“蕉林秘玩”、“秋碧堂”印。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>入清内府后，钤有乾隆、嘉庆、宣统诸玺。上世纪二十年代，此画</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>从</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>颓败的清</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>宫流散于民间，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>直至上世纪五十年代，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>上海博物馆花巨资购得，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>成为</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>镇馆之宝。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>从此画上的历代收藏钤印来判断，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位《高逸图》</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>是一幅收藏有序的唐代绘画作品。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:left;text-indent:21pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位（</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>生卒不详</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>），会稽（</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>今绍兴）</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>人</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>号会稽</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>山人，初名位，后改名遇</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>他是</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>晚唐</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>时期的宫廷</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>御用画家。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:left;text-indent:21pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>唐广明元年（</span>881）十二月，</span><span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/19814.htm"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>黄巢</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>起义军攻破长安</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>城</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，孙位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>跟随</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>唐僖宗李儇入川，居成都。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>在</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>北宋</span></span><span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/147565.htm"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>官方</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>编撰的《宣和画谱》</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>中</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>著录</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>画迹二十七幅，其中《</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>高逸图</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>》在列</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>。谱</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>载：</span>“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>举止疏野，襟韵旷达，喜饮酒，罕见其醉，乐与幽人为物外交。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”可见</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>是一个性情纵横放肆，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>胸怀孤高，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>饮酒有所克制，喜欢与</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>隐士</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>神游交往之人。在绘画方面，宋人郭若虚在《图画见闻志》中评价：</span>“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>善画人物、龙水、松石、墨竹，兼长天王鬼神。笔力狂怪，不以傅彩为功。长安、蜀川，皆有画壁，实奇迹也。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”并称其：“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>位有道术，兼工书画，曾于成都应天寺门左壁画坐天王暨部从鬼神。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”由此可知，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>尊奉道教</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>曾为寺院</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>画过不少</span></span><span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/subview/68501/68501.htm"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>壁画</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>俱笔简形备，气势雄伟</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，是一个</span>“志行孤洁，情韵疏放”的画家。在画品与</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>画风</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>上，他</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>情高格逸，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>宋人</span></span><span><a href="http://www.guoxuedashi.com/a/7860v/"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>苏轼在《东坡集》中写道：</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">“唐广明中，处逸士孙位始出新意，画奔湍巨浪，与山石曲折，随物赋形，尽水之变，号称神逸。”宋人陈师道在《</span><span><a href="http://www.guoxuedashi.com/a/4978z/"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>后山谈丛</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>》中评价：</span>“孙位为逸品。”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>宋</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>人</span></span><span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/815590.htm"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>邓椿</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>在</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>《</span></span><span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1001447.htm"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>画继</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>》</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>中评价：</span>“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>画之</span></span><span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/3088697.htm"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>逸格</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，至孙位极矣，后人往往益为狂肆。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:left;text-indent:21pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>有关</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">“做官”的经历，史籍记载的少之甚少。最早见于</span><span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/20422.htm"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>北宋</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>文学家</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>李廌在</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>《德隅堂画品》</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>中记载：</span>“《春龙起蛰图》，蜀文成殿下道院军将孙位所作。”此载早于《宣和画谱》</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>成书约</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>四十余年</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，所述较为可靠</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>此后，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>元末明初画家</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>夏文彦</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>在</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>《图绘</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>宝</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>鉴》</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>中记述</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>：</span>“德隅堂画品载，位为</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>蜀文成殿下将军</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>后遇异人得度世法</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>故名遇云。</span>”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>所载</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>蜀文成</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>史籍难寻，说之</span>“军将”或“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>将军</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>均证明</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>在晚唐军中任职。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>在</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的创作记载上，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>宋</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>人</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>黄休复</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>在</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>《</span></span><span><a href="http://www.guoxuedashi.com/a/638p/"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>益州名画录</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>》</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>中记载：</span>“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>光启年，应天寺无智禅师请画山石两堵、龙水两堵，寺门东畔，画东方天王及部从两堵。昭觉寺休梦长老请画浮沤先生松石墨竹一堵，仿润州高座寺张僧繇战胜一堵。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”光启，即晚僖宗最后四年的年号（885～888）；应天寺，即僖宗为避黄巢之乱逃之成都，驻跸于此，并赐寺名。在这</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>四年</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>中，僖宗为了</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>组织对黄巢的反扑，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>平定</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>地方势力</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，他</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>几度逃离</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>长安驻跸应天寺，又几度返回长安</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>均未见到孙位随驾返回长安的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>任何</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>记载。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>从时间上来证明，正是在</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>光启年</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>间，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>先后在应天寺、</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>昭觉寺</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>作壁画八</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>堵</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>。可以想象，如此之巨</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>工程与</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>将军</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”之衔</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>毫无</span>“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>军</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>事</span>”关系。据此推定，孙位所谓的“军将”或“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>将军</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”头衔是虚衔。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:left;text-indent:21pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>从</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>在光启年间的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>绘画</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>活动</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>可以看出</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，绘画之事是他的首要工作。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>宋</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>人</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>黄休复</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>在</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>《</span></span><span><a href="http://www.guoxuedashi.com/a/638p/"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>益州名画录</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>》</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>中说：</span>“位宗顾恺之，曹弗兴行龙之笔。”此载说明，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>画壁画师宗顾恺之，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;font-weight:normal;"><span>画龙</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>有曹弗兴的笔法。那么，由</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>宋徽宗赵佶</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>御笔</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>题</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>名的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>《高逸图》，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>画中所画人物一直是个迷。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>高逸，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>指的是</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>高雅脱俗、俊逸跌宕</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>高隐</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>之</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>人。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>不言而喻，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>宋徽宗</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>很喜欢这幅画，他在御笔题名之前就了然这幅画的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>逸事，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>否则不会用</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">“高逸”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>来题写画名。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>众所周知，宋徽宗</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>非常</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>酷爱</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>书画</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>艺术，他</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>不仅</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>是中国历史上将</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>书</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>画家</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>地位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>抬</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>到</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>巅峰</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的皇帝，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>而且又是</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>翰林</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>图</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>画院</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的开创者。该</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>院即</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>北宋</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的宫廷画院，画院画家以</span>“</span><span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/340759.htm"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>翰林</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”、“侍诏”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>等</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>身份享受与文官相近的待遇，并穿戴官服，领取国家发放的官俸</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>自置</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>画</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>院起，在</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>宋徽宗</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的大力倡导下，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>画</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>院</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>强调形神并举的绘画意念。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>而且身为皇帝的赵佶，更是如痴如醉地推崇绘画的写实主义，并</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>提倡诗、书、画、印</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>结合。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>虽然，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>宋徽宗</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>春风得意时的诗词显得比较平庸，多为矫情享乐的情调，但在沦为亡国之君以后，他触景生情地写了不少情真意切的佳作</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>由此提出，宋徽宗御</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>题</span>“孙位高逸图”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>名，是在他</span>“妄耗百出，不可胜数”骄泰奢侈的执政时期。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:left;text-indent:21pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>宋徽宗</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>与</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>唐僖宗</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>一样</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>信奉</span></span><span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/6683.htm"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>道教</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，自称</span>“教主道君皇帝”。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>在这两位皇帝的执政时期，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>大建宫观，并设道官二十六阶，发给道士</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>官俸</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>均为</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>奉</span></span><span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/6683.htm"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>道</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>之君的国策</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>由此，所谓</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">“高逸”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>之人，正是醉心于</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;font-weight:normal;"><span>隐逸文化</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的风雅名士，他们聚在一起谈论玄道，时人称之为</span>“清谈”或“玄谈”之人。这是中国魏晋时期出现的一种崇尚</span><span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/545507.htm"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>老庄</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的思潮，最赫赫有名</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>是以</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>嵇康、阮籍为代表</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">“</span><span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/subview/14661/7964541.htm"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>竹林七贤</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>他们</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>是魏晋风度的化身。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:left;text-indent:21pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>史载，魏晋时期的</span>“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>竹林七贤</span>”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>是尚好清谈、不拘礼法的文人代表，他们</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>聚众在竹林</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>中</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>喝酒纵歌，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>同时</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>亦是当时玄学的代表人物。上世纪六十年代，上海博物馆研究馆员承名世先生，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>亲</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>赴南京博物院等地寻微探幽，在与宋代石刻及南京出土的《竹林七贤与荣启期》</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>古墓</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>砖画上的人物神态、服饰，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>以</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>及</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>对</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>《高逸图》</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>中所绘人物</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>手持器具</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的对比</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>得出此画中的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>四位人物为</span>“竹林七贤”中的“四贤”，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>即</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>山涛、王戎、刘伶和阮籍。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>由此</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>认为</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>《高逸图》卷，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>有可能</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>是</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>描绘</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">“竹林七贤”的残卷。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:left;text-indent:21pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>值得商榷的是，从</span>“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>竹林七贤</span>”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>故事人物的完整性来看，此图是</span>“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>七贤</span>”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>残卷，还是只画了</span>“四</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>贤</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”人物</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>这个疑问似乎被人疏忽。如果说，宋徽宗在御笔题名之前，此画上只绘有</span>“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>四贤</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”人物，题此画名“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位高逸图</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”较为准确；如果说，徽宗在题名此图之时就是一幅完整的“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>竹林</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>七</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>贤</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”人物，题此画名则完全偏题。当然，对于酷爱书画艺术的皇帝</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>赵佶</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>而言，这种失误不太可能发生。假如，徽宗在看到此图并题画名</span>“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位高逸图</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”之前知道是残卷，所题</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>《高逸图》</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>画名也是牵强附会。理所应当的题名</span>“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>竹林七贤</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>残卷图</span>”，或更为准确的表述此画的原意。不得不说，至于《高逸图》是</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>所绘</span>“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>竹林七贤</span>”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>残卷，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>还是</span>“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>四贤</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”的全幅图，隐藏在</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>《高逸图》</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>背后故事无法知晓。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:left;text-indent:21pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>且以</span>“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>竹林七贤</span>”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>故事人物的完整性看，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>这幅《高逸图》卷是</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>一幅缺</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>佚嵇康、向秀、阮咸三位人物</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>残卷，画面上只有</span>“四贤”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>与</span>“四仆”人物</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>从</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>绘画技巧上看，此图</span>“四贤”人物的面容、体态、表情各不相同，并以侍童、器皿作补充，丰富了画面人物的个性特征。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>用</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>横卷式</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的故事性绘画语言，巧妙地</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>用芭蕉、菊花、松树、湖石等相隔</span>“四</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>贤</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>人物</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>并</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>以</span>“四</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>贤</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>身边的</span>“四仆”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>侍童衬托主要人物，使画面</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的故事性生动而闲情逸趣</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>在此画卷中，我们看到了</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>孙位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>将不同人物的个性特征和清高、傲慢、放荡不羁的精神状态都刻画得恰如其分，这是得东晋画家顾恺之的</span>“传神阿堵”之妙。画面上</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>其</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>人物</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的衣裳</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>以</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>及陪衬</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>景物、器具，均用淡色或白描，显得素静雅洁，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>表现出古代贤士</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>身置物外的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;font-weight:normal;"><span>隐</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>逸生活</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>而画中山石的质感，几株树棵的不同画法，兼有南朝画家张僧繇</span>“骨法奇伟”的特点。尤其是</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>花毯及背倚花垫，不仅</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>细腻地</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>画出复杂的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>精美</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>图案，而且</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>设色</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>浓重，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>色彩绚丽华美</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>画面彰显出</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;font-weight:normal;"><span>隐</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>逸文化的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>富贵气，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>喻示所绘古代贤士的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>名望</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>和</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>地位。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:9pt;"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:left;text-indent:21pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>如以此图为</span>“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>竹林七贤</span>”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的残卷论，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>四贤</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>之</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>中，右</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>边的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>第一位人物是山涛。画面上</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>山涛袒胸露腹，披襟抱膝，丰腴的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>身体</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>倚着华丽的花垫，头微微仰起，仪态恢弘旷达。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>此人是</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">“竹林七贤”中最年</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>长的名士</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>喜好</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>饮酒，八斗方醉，从不失态。山涛好老庄学说，性格介然不群，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>身</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>旁</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>侍童</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>手捧古</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>琴</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>侍奉，给人一种</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;font-weight:normal;"><span>隐逸半仙的意味</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:left;text-indent:21pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>画面的第二位是王戎。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>此人</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>是</span>“竹林七贤”中的小弟，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>他</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>是富贵子弟，长于清谈，以精辟的品评与识鉴而著称。画面上的王戎踝足跌坐，右手执如意，左腕懒懒地搁在右手上，似乎正欲侃侃而谈。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>特别是</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>手中摆弄</span>“如意”的细节描绘，正</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>是</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>南北朝文学</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>家</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>庾信《对酒歌》中</span>“王戎舞如意”的写照。在王戎的侧后，恭敬地站立着一位怀抱书卷的侍童，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>让人联想到</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>王戎</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>的才气</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:left;text-indent:21pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>第三位是中国历史上最有名的</span>“天下第一酒鬼”刘伶。孙位笔下的刘伶其貌不扬，满颐髭须，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>象是酒过半巡</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>初歇，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>仿佛</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>闻到一股酒气。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>画面上的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>刘伶</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>醉态</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>蹙眉，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>侧</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>首</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>欲吐，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>侍童</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>手</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>持唾壶跪接，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>但他</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>双手</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>仍然</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>端着酒杯，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>刻画出</span>“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>酒鬼</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>嗜酒如命</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>又</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>超脱世俗，蔑视礼法的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>人生</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>态度。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>正如他在</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>《酒德颂》</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>中自评</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>：</span>“唯酒是务，焉知其余！”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:left;text-indent:21pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>画中的最后一位是阮籍。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>此人</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>是曹魏时期的官吏，也是著名的文学家、</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>思想家</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>崇奉老庄之学，政治上则采取谨慎避祸的态度</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>。画面上，阮籍面露微笑，侧身倚垫盘膝而坐，手执麈尾，洒脱傲然。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>麈尾是魏晋清谈家经常用来拂秽清暑，显示身份的一种道具，同时也</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>具有</span>“领袖群伦”的象征意义。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>在</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>阮籍身旁，有</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>一</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>侍童</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>恭恭敬敬地</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>手托酒器，躬身听命，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>衬托出</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>阮籍在士人中的名望。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:left;text-indent:21pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>如图所绘，我们看到</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;">“四贤”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>身旁各有一位</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>侍童衬托主要人物</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>。然而，南京出土的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>南朝</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>古</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>墓砖画《</span></span><span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/14661.htm"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>竹林七贤</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>与荣启期》</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，早于孙位《高逸图》两百多年，却没有</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>侍童</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>人物</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>唯有</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>人物之间以银杏、松槐、垂柳相隔。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>在古</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>墓砖画</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>中，有八</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>人均席地而坐，呈现出一种最能体现</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>世外高人的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>个性姿态。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>有趣的是，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>荣启期是春秋时期的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>著名</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>隐士，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>而</span>“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>竹林七贤</span>”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>则</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>是魏晋</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>时期的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>代表人物，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>两者相差七八百年，怎么会同时出现在</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>南朝墓葬的砖画</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>上呢</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>从传统的构图寓意来解释，是因</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#000000;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>七人</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#
	删除该帖子

扫一扫加关注
享手机艺术数据库

联系站长：

flytiger